Art as Artifact: An Empirical Approach to Locating its Hedonic Function

Authors

10.5281/zenodo.NEWISSUE04

Abstract

Standard accounts of artifacts claim that they are objects purposefully designed by an agent (or agents) to realize a function.  Art objects have often been regarded as functionless entities; thus, many have disqualified them from possessing artifact status.  With this paper, I defend the view that art objects (at least paintings and sculptures) are, in fact, artifacts since they serve hedonic functions.  In my view, declarations for the functionless nature of art objects are due to an epistemically impoverished position regarding neural responses to artworks. I introduce recent research from neuroaesthetics, the study of the neural underpinnings of aesthetic experiences, which demonstrates that art objects act as a catalyst that stimulates the neural reward circuitry which in turn produces heightened hedonic sensations.  These hedonic sensations, I claim, are the function of art objects, art appreciators seek them out and artists desire to induce them.

Keywords:

neuroaesthetics, art, artifacts, function, ontology, neural reward system

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aguinaga D, Medrano M, Vega-Quiroga I, Gysling K, Canela EI, Navarro G, Franco R. Cocaine effects on dopaminergic transmission depend on a balance between sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptor expression. Front Mol Neurosci. 2018;11:17.

Aminoff EM, Kveraga K, Bar M. The role of the parahippocampal cortex in cognition. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013;17(8):379-390.

Baker LR. The ontology of artifacts. Philos Explor. 2004;7(2):99-111.

Dipert RR. Artifacts, Art Works, and Agency. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press; 1993.

Baker LR. The ontological significance of artefacts. In: Ontologies of Artifacts: The Interaction of “Natural” and “Artificial” Components of the Lifeworld; 2012:18-33.

Bar M, Neta M. Visual elements of subjective preference modulate amygdala activation. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(10):2191-2200.

Bartra O, McGuire JT, Kable JW. The valuation system: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. Neuroimage. 2013;76:412-427.

Beardsley MC. Aesthetic experience regained. J Aesthet Art Crit. 1969;28(1):3-11.

Beardsley MC. The Aesthetic Point of View: Selected Essays. Wreen MJ, Callen DM, eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1982.

Beardsley MC, Wimsatt WK. The intentional fallacy.

Becker S, Bräscher AK, Bannister S, et al. The role of hedonics in the Human Affectome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;102:221-241.

Benarroch EE. Endogenous opioid systems: current concepts and clinical correlations. Neurology. 2012;79(8):807-814.

Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML. Neuroscience of affect: brain mechanisms of pleasure and displeasure. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013;23(3):294-303.

Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML. Pleasure systems in the brain. Neuron. 2015;86(3):646-664.

Brandão ML, Coimbra NC. Understanding the role of dopamine in conditioned and unconditioned fear. Rev Neurosci. 2019;30(3):325-337.

Bromberg-Martin ES, Matsumoto M, Hikosaka O. Dopamine in motivational control: rewarding, aversive, and alerting. Neuron. 2010;68(5):815-834.

Brown S, Gao X, Tisdelle L, Eickhoff SB, Liotti M. Naturalizing aesthetics: brain areas for aesthetic appraisal across sensory modalities. Neuroimage. 2011;58(1):250-258.

Cabib S, Puglisi-Allegra S. The mesoaccumbens dopamine in coping with stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36(1):79-89.

Carroll N. Recent approaches to aesthetic experience. J Aesthet Art Crit. 2012;70(2):165-177.

Chatterjee A. Neuroaesthetics: a coming of age story. J Cogn Neurosci. 2011;23(1):53-62.

Chatterjee A, Cardilo E, eds. Brain, Beauty, and Art: Essays Bringing Neuroaesthetics into Focus. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2021.

Colasanti A, Searle GE, Long CJ, et al. Endogenous opioid release in the human brain reward system induced by acute amphetamine administration. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(5):371-377.

Crisp R. Hedonism reconsidered. Philos Phenomenol Res. 2006;73(3):619-645.

Davies D. The primacy of practice in the ontology of art. J Aesthet Art Crit. 2009;67(2):159-171.

Evnine SJ. Ready-mades: Ontology and aesthetics. Br J Aesthet. 2013;53(4):407-423.

Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, et al. Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(9):3793-3798.

Goldman AH. The experiential account of aesthetic value. J Aesthet Art Crit. 2006;64(3):333-342.

Goldman AH. The broad view of aesthetic experience. J Aesthet Art Crit. 2013;71(4):323-333.

Gorodeisky K. On liking aesthetic value. Philos Phenomenol Res. 2021;102(2):261-280.

Hilpinen R. On artifacts and works of art 1. Theoria. 1992;58(1):58-82.

Horvitz JC. Mesolimbocortical and nigrostriatal dopamine responses to salient non-reward events. Neuroscience. 2000;96(4):651-656.

Houkes W, Vermaas P. Actions versus functions: A plea for an alternative metaphysics of artifacts. Monist. 2004;87(1):52-71.

Houkes W, Vermaas PE. Technical Functions: On the Use and Design of Artefacts. Vol 1. Springer Science & Business Media; 2010.

Irvin S. The ontological diversity of visual artworks. In: New Waves in Aesthetics. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan; 2008:1-19.

Iseminger G. Aesthetic experience. In: Levinson J, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Aesthetics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2003:99-116.

Juvshik T. Function essentialism about artifacts. Philos Stud. 2021;178:2943-2964.

Kawabata H, Zeki S. Neural correlates of beauty. J Neurophysiol. 2004;91(4):1699-1705.

Koslicki K. Form, Matter, Substance. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2018.

Kühn S, Gallinat J. The neural correlates of subjective pleasantness. Neuroimage. 2012;61(1):289-294.

Levinson J. Artworks as artifacts. In: Creations of the Mind: Theories of Artifacts and Their Representation. 2007:74-82.

Levinson J. Toward an adequate conception of aesthetic experience. In: Aesthetic Pursuits: Essays in Philosophy of Art. 2016:28-46.

Lopes DM. Being for Beauty: Aesthetic Agency and Value. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2018.

Loui P, Patterson S, Sachs ME, Leung Y, Zeng T, Przysinda E. White matter correlates of musical anhedonia: implications for evolution of music. Front Psychol. 2017;8:281556.

Mallik A, Chanda ML, Levitin DJ. Anhedonia to music and mu-opioids: Evidence from the administration of naltrexone. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):41952.

Matthen M. New prospects for aesthetic hedonism. In: Social Aesthetics and Moral Judgment. Routledge; 2018:13-33.

Merricks T. Objects and Persons. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2003.

Millikan RG. In defense of proper functions. Philos Sci. 1989;56(2):288-302.

Millikan RG. Wings, spoons, pills, and quills: A pluralist theory of function. J Philos. 1999;96(4):191-206.

Mustafa NS, Bakar NHA, Mohamad N, et al. MDMA and the brain: a short review on the role of neurotransmitters in neurotoxicity. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2020;11(4):381.

Neander K. The teleological notion of ‘function’. Australas J Philos. 1991;69(4):454-468.

Nozick R. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 1974.

Peacocke A. Let’s be liberal: An alternative to aesthetic hedonism. Br J Aesthet. 2021;61(2):163-183.

Piccinini G. Physical Computation: A Mechanistic Account. Oxford, UK: OUP Oxford; 2015.

Preston B. Philosophical theories of artifact function. In: Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Sciences. North-Holland; 2009:213-233.

Ramachandran VS, Hirstein W. The science of art: A neurological theory of aesthetic experience. J Conscious Stud. 1999;6(6-7):15-51.

Rohrbaugh G. Ontology of art. In: The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics. Routledge; 2005:261-274.

Sescousse G, Caldú X, Segura B, Dreher JC. Processing of primary and secondary rewards: a quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(4):681-696.

Shelley J. The default theory of aesthetic value. Br J Aesthet. 2019;59(1):1-12.

Skov M. Aesthetic appreciation: the view from neuroimaging. Empir Stud Arts. 2019;37(2):220-248.

Skov M. Neuroaesthetics as a scientific discipline: an intellectual history. In: The Routledge International Handbook of Neuroaesthetics. Routledge; 2022:1-28.

Skov M, Nadal M. A farewell to art: aesthetics as a topic in psychology and neuroscience. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2020;15(3):630-642.

Smuts A. The paradox of painful art. J Aesthet Educ. 2007;41(3):59-76.

Smuts A. Art and negative affect. Philos Compass. 2009;4(1):39-55.

Soderman AR, Unterwald EM. Cocaine-induced mu opioid receptor occupancy within the striatum is mediated by dopamine D2 receptors. Brain Res. 2009;1296:63-71.

Sperber D. Seedless grapes: nature and culture. In: Creations of the Mind: Theories of Artifacts and Their Representation. 2007:124.

Stang NF. Artworks are not valuable for their own sake. J Aesthet Art Crit. 2012;70(3):271-280.

Suzuki M, Okamura N, Kawachi Y, Tashiro M, Arao H, Hoshishiba T, Yanai K. Discrete cortical regions associated with the musical beauty of major and minor chords. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2008;8(2):126-131.

Thomasson AL. The ontology of art. In: The Blackwell Guide to Aesthetics. 2004:78-92.

Van Inwagen P. Material Beings. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1990.

Van der Berg S. Aesthetic hedonism and its critics. Philos Compass. 2020;15(1):e12645.

Vermaas PE, Houkes W. Ascribing functions to technical artefacts: a challenge to etiological accounts of functions. Br J Philos Sci. 2003;54(2):261-289.

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Logan J, Childress AR, Wong C. Cocaine cues and dopamine in dorsal striatum: mechanism of craving in cocaine addiction. J Neurosci. 2006;26(24):6583-6588.

Walton KL. How marvelous! Toward a theory of aesthetic value. J Aesthet Art Crit. 1993;51(3):499-510.

Wiss DA, Avena N, Rada P. Sugar addiction: from evolution to revolution. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:545.

Yue X, Vessel EA, Biederman I. The neural basis of scene preferences. Neuroreport. 2007;18(6):525-529.

Zeki S, Romaya JP, Benincasa DM, Atiyah MF. The experience of mathematical beauty and its neural correlates. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:68.

Published

01.10.2025

How to Cite

Durso, D. (2025). Art as Artifact: An Empirical Approach to Locating its Hedonic Function. Journal of NeuroPhilosophy, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.NEWISSUE04